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比爾·蓋茨解答技術(shù)是否會(huì)加劇不平等？

2019-11-22 14:48:37來源：網(wǎng)易研究局  

技術(shù)是否會(huì)加劇不平等?在新形勢(shì)下，我們應(yīng)該如何理解創(chuàng)新與慈善?針對(duì)這些熱點(diǎn)問題，在21日召開的國家衛(wèi)健委-蓋茨基金會(huì)結(jié)核病防治項(xiàng)目十周年研討會(huì)上，網(wǎng)易研究局采訪了比爾及梅琳達(dá)·蓋茨基金會(huì)聯(lián)席主席比爾·蓋茨。

比爾·蓋茨：技術(shù)創(chuàng)新會(huì)加大不平等嗎？

比爾及梅琳達(dá)·蓋茨基金會(huì)聯(lián)席主席比爾·蓋茨

以下為采訪實(shí)錄：

網(wǎng)易研究局：有人認(rèn)為技術(shù)創(chuàng)新會(huì)加大世界的不平等，因?yàn)楦呔獾募夹g(shù)會(huì)更多地被發(fā)達(dá)國家掌握和利用，你贊同這種觀點(diǎn)嗎?如何讓貧窮的國家，比如非洲，平等地享有技術(shù)創(chuàng)新帶來的好處?

比爾·蓋茨：如果你看預(yù)期壽命或兒童存活率，這是兩個(gè)相當(dāng)有趣的指標(biāo)。今天，即使在收入很低的貧困國家，兒童存活率和預(yù)期壽命也提高了得多。這是天花疫苗、麻疹疫苗、綠色革命中的小麥或水稻種子等帶來的結(jié)果。很多技術(shù)都能夠幫助到最貧困的人群，幫助他們的孩子避免被天花、麻疹、腹瀉、肺炎或瘧疾奪走生命。

向貧窮國家提供的對(duì)外援助或慈善捐助，主要是為了幫助最有需要的人群。

如果我們能夠研發(fā)出艾滋病疫苗或結(jié)核病疫苗，就會(huì)大幅度促進(jìn)全球平等，因?yàn)檫@些疾病大多發(fā)生在最貧困的人群中。 如果我們能給這些貧困的農(nóng)民提供種子，使他們不受氣候變化的影響，這對(duì)全球平等也是一個(gè)巨大的促進(jìn)。蓋茨基金會(huì)所有工作的核心是通過創(chuàng)新來幫助最貧困的人群。創(chuàng)新可以讓世界變得更好。但向貧困國家提供創(chuàng)新方案的過程中，我們需要非常謹(jǐn)慎。這有時(shí)需要時(shí)間。例如很多癌癥治療都非常昂貴，在貧困國家無法獲得。但現(xiàn)在我們能夠推廣很多治療高血壓的方法，過去治療高血壓的藥物很貴，醫(yī)生和器械費(fèi)用也很高，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變得很便宜，我們的合作伙伴甚至能在最貧困的國家推廣高血壓檢測(cè)和治療，挽救了很多人的生命。

如果我們有意識(shí)地去推動(dòng)，就能確保創(chuàng)新是促進(jìn)平等的。技術(shù)最大的不平等是，中等收入和富裕國家的做法造成了氣候變化，但絕大部分后果卻由貧困國家承擔(dān)。我們必須解決這個(gè)非常棘手的問題，否則創(chuàng)新就會(huì)成為增加不平等的例子。

ENGLISH VERSION：

NERB(NetEase Economic Research Bureau)Some aspects of technological innovation will increase global inequality because most technologies are controlled and used by developed countries. Do you agree? And how can low-income countries, especially those in Africa, share benefits of technological innovations?

BILL GATES: Well, if you look at life expectancy or childhood survival, which are two fairly interesting things, today, even at very low levels of income, child survival and life expectancy is much higher even for very poor countries. And that's because of technologies like the smallpox vaccine, the measles vaccine, the Green Revolution seeds for wheat or rice. Many technologies do help the poorest and helps avoid their children dying of smallpox or measles or diarrhea or pneumonia or malaria.

The foreign aid to those poor countries or the philanthropy to those poor countries is specifically aimed at helping those most in need.

If we can get an HIV vaccine or a TB vaccine, it is actually a huge help for global equity as these diseases are mostly amongst the poorest. If we can get seeds to these poor farmers so that they don't suffer from climate change, that's a huge help for global equity. Everything the foundation does is about taking innovation to help the poorest. The world is better off, even because of innovation. We have to be very careful about if we are making innovation available to these poor countries. Sometimes it takes time, for example a lot of these cancer treatments are very expensive and can't be accessed in the poor countries. But there are lots of things like dealing with high blood pressure that now we're rolling out, which was only available because the drugs were expensive and you had to have a doctor and the instruments were expensive. Now, that's gotten so inexpensive that we have a partner rolling that out even in the poorest countries to check blood pressure and help treat your blood pressure, which causes a lot of deaths.

If we're intentional about it, we can make sure innovation is pro-equity. The greatest inequity of technology is that climate change was caused by the middle-income and rich countries, but the suffering, overwhelmingly, is the poor countries. We do have to solve that very, very hard problem, or else it is a case where innovation reduced equity.

關(guān)鍵詞： 比爾·蓋茨 技術(shù)

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